Guidelines for application of glutathione nutritional functional components
1. Chemical structure and physical and chemical properties
glutathione (GSH), also known as glutathione, chemical name L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, is a kind of active skin with important physiological functions. It consists of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine condensed by peptide bonds.
The molecular formula is C10H7N3O6S, the most molecular: 307.33.
Glutathione is a crystal, colorless transparent elongated column, isoelectric point 5.93, melting point 189~193°C (decomposition).
Soluble in water, dilute alcohol, ammonia and dimethylamide, but insoluble in alcohol, ether and acetone.
Glutathione is stable as a solid and is easily oxidized in aqueous solution.
2. Main source and production method
Main source
Glutathione is widely found in nature. Animal liver, yeast, wheat germ and spinach are rich in GSH, while plant tissue is low in GSH.
Production and preparation method
Glutathione can be produced by solvent extraction, chemical synthesis, enzyme and fermentation. The extraction method is used in the early production of glutathione, and the raw material is mostly yeast, which is the classic method of GSH production and the basis of the downstream process in the fermentation production process.
The production process of chemical synthesis has been mature, but the chemical synthesis of glutathione is racemic, requiring optical resolution, and the process has problems such as high cost, complex operation and environmental pollution, so far it is not suitable for industrial production.
Due to the continuous improvement of glutathione production technology and methods, fermentation has become the most common method for GSH production.
3. Physiological functions and effects
antioxidant
Glutathione can dissolve and eliminate harmful peroxides and free radicals (O2, HO) in the body under the catalysis of selenooxidase (GSHpx).
ROOH and free radicals not only oxidize certain enzymes and proteins that have important physiological functions, It also oxidizes the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid molecules of the cell membrane, and the generated lipid peroxidation continuously generates a large number of peroxides through its own catalysis.
Therefore, glutathione can stop the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation through its own oxidation and maintain the integrity of red blood cells. The metabolism of oxygen in red blood cells is very strong.
When some oxidants or poisons enter the human body, they can oxidize the phospholipid of the erythrocyte membrane and the -SH of intracellular hemoglobin (Hb). The oxidation products of the latter are attached to the inner side of the erythrocyte membrane, damaging the function of the membrane and causing premature destruction of precipitation of red blood cells.
Glutathione has a strong oxidation ability and can damage red blood cells through a series of oxidation processes and cause hemolysis.
Glutathione can effectively protect the red cell membrane from primary aminoquinoline, sulfonamides, nitrofurans, aspirin, chloramphenicol, methylene blue and other drugs.
Glutathione also keeps the iron in hemoglobin at a +2 valence.
Oxidizing drugs and some naturally occurring peroxides in the blood can change Fe2+ from hemoglobin to Fe3+, which is methemoglobin that has no ability to transport oxygen.
Glutathione is reductive and prevents the degeneration of hemoglobin.
Involved in the synthesis of certain proteins
Glutathione is a coenzyme of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, glyoxalase and prostaglandin E synthetase, and is very important for the catalytic activity of enzymes.
Glutathione is involved in the rearrangement of disulfide bonds in protein molecules to form the most thermodynamically stable structure, which is important for maintaining the stability of proteins (enzymes).
other
Glutathione is a detoxification substance of the organism, which can be combined with various toxic compounds, heavy metal ions and carcinogens and other harmful substances that invade the body of the outside world, and promote its discharge from the body to play a detoxification role.
Clinically, glutathione has been used to relieve the toxic phenomena of acrylonitrile, fluoride, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and organic solvents.
Csh-containing eye drops have been used to treat cataracts since the 1970s.
Glutathione is higher in the lens and cornea, and when the lens is cloudy, the GSH content decreases.
Lens opacity is associated with increased insoluble protein content and decreased soluble protein content containing -SH.
4. Safety research
Population data
In patients with organophosphorus poisoning, 300mg of glutathione was taken orally daily for 4 weeks to improve serum cholinesterase activity and was well tolerated without any adverse reactions.
Metabolic status
It is not broken down by gastric juices, but absorbed directly into the small intestine, enters the blood, and is used by various tissues of the body. The peak blood concentration was reached about 5 hours after intramuscular injection, the half-life was about 24 hours, and the distribution in liver, kidney and muscle was the most.
Acute toxicity
Toxicity tests on male ICR-JCL mice showed that oral LD50≥10000mg/kg and intravenous LD50≥ 5000 mg/kg.
genotoxicity
Ames test: 20mmol/L glutathione, negative.
Subchronic toxicity
Rats and mice were given 150mg/kg and 50mg/kg of GSH per day for 3 months. No toxic side effects were observed. A 26-week trial on dogs yielded a NOAEL of 300mg/kg.
Reproductive and developmental toxicity
More than 20 pregnant ICR-RLC mice were treated with oral glutathione sodium salt at 1000mg/kg per day, and no adverse effects were observed.
5. Common usage methods and survey/recommended intake
Common use method
food
The addition of glutathione to flour products or in combination with proteolytic enzymes can reduce the amount of water used in dough mixing, improve the rheological properties of dough, control dough viscosity, reduce strength, make mixing and extrusion easy, and shorten the drying time of the product.
The quality and taste of bread can be improved by adding proper amount of glutathione in bread baking. Add GSH to yogurt to act as an antioxidant.
The addition of GSH to casein, skim milk powder and infant milk powder can effectively prevent enzymatic and non-enzymatic Browning.
The addition of glutathione in the processing of fish, meat and poultry foods can inhibit the breakdown of nucleic acid, enhance the flavor of food and greatly extend the shelf life.
Adding glutathione to the processing of fruit and vegetable foods and beverages can effectively prevent Browning and maintain the original color, flavor and nutrition of fruits and vegetables.
Health food
Often used as a functional factor to delay aging, anti-radiation, detoxification and so on. Common tablets, capsules, oral liquid, powder and other dosage forms.
other
It can be used as raw material for anti-oxidation, detoxification and other drugs. Existing drugs such as reduced glutathione for injection and eye drops are on the market.
Survey/recommended intake
Survey intake
The Population Group conducted the survey in the United States, available in 2003-2004 NHANES Data.
Recommended intake
The recommended intake for the study was 50 to 100mg daily, 1 to 3 times daily.
6. Evaluation, approval and recognition by international organizations and governments
China
The Chinese Pharmacopoeia State Drug Administration Standard (Trial)WS-900 (X-665)-2002(2) specifies the quality standard of reduced glutathione drugs for injection. Health foods document their use as raw materials.
America
Approved as GRAS, GRN: 000293.
European Union
No valid information has been found.
Australia/Singapore
No valid information has been found.
Brief summary
Glutathione, also known as glutathiamine, chemical name L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, is a kind of active tripeptide with important physiological functions.
Widely found in nature, animal liver, yeast, wheat germ, spinach are rich in GSH.
The preparation methods are fermentation method and enzyme method.
GSH has the function of anti-oxidation and protecting the normal function of cell membrane.
The United States approved it as GRAS, GRN: 000293.
China has a history of use in health food.
